Creating YouTube videos … using Microsoft PowerPoint

I am sure that I’m not alone in issuing a sigh of disappointment when the word PowerPoint enters the conversation. I suspect that we’ve all experienced what is termed ‘Death by PowerPoint’ and sat through long and tedious presentations … often where the presenter has read out loud what is on their slides on the assumption that the audience is too numbed by the never-ending slide show to be able to read it for themselves.

However, like some many Microsoft Office programs, most users only utilise a small percentage of the programs features … and one of these is converting a slideshow into an MP4 format that can be uploaded to YouTube.

So how does it work? To misquote Mrs Beeton, first create your slideshow!

Stage I: Create a presentation

I began by opening PowerPoint ...

... and creating a title slide ...

... before adding additional slides that suitably display the visual information and images I wanted to include in my video. (In this example, I used 'Design Suggestions' to format the slides.)

I always end with an exit slide. This is often based on the title slide.

Stage 2: Add Transitions and Animations

I then added the 'Transitions' (i.e. how each slide transits into the next) ...

... (In this case, 'Morph' 'Words') ...

... and any 'Animations' of text and/or images that I wanted to use.

These helped to make the video a bit more interesting to watch and helps maintain viewer engagement/interest.

It made sense to save the file at this stage and then test it by using the 'Slide Show' function.

Stage 3: Record the voiceover

Once I was happy with the slide show and I had my script or notes ready, I began the process of recording the voiceover.

I selected the 'Record' function ...

... and when I was ready to record, I pressed the red button at the top of the recording screen.

I used headphones with an attached lip microphone to record what I wanted to say (it helped to reduce the possibility of unwanted background noise being picked up) and the mouse to advance each slide as and when necessary. When I did this, it automatically saved the timing for each slide transition and how long each slide was displayed.

When I had finished recording the voiceover, I pressed the red button to stop the recording process.

It was important to remember that when I moved from one slide to the next, there was a slight recording delay and it was important to allow for this otherwise the end of a word and the beginning of the next might be inaudible.

If I made a mistake, I cleared any recording I had made on an individual slide or slides by using the 'Clear Recording' button on the toolbar.

Once I was happy with the recording and the timing of the presentation, I saved the file and tested it using the 'Slide Show' function.

Stage 4: Save as an MP4 file

Now that I had a PowerPoint presentation that had a voiceover and had the timing of each slide transition in place, I then exported it as a video.

The end result of this process can be seen here on the Wargaming Miscellany YouTube channel.

My 1/1200th-scale Imperial Japanese Navy battleships

I decided to hold a 'fleet review' of my collection of 1/1200th-scale Imperial Japanese Navy battleships.

My Imperial Japanese Navy battleships. They are (from top to bottom) IJNS Nagato, IJNS Fuso, IJNS Ise, IJNS Haruna, and IJNS Kongo.

My Imperial Japanese Navy battleships. They are (from left to right) IJNS Kongo, IJNS Haruna, IJNS Ise, IJNS Fuso, and IJNS Nagato.

My Imperial Japanese Navy battleships. They are (from left to right) IJNS Kongo, IJNS Haruna, IJNS Ise, IJNS Fuso, and IJNS Nagato.

The jetty is from my Triang Minic Fleet Anchorage set.

Creating YouTube videos

I was recently asked how I created my YouTube videos ... and this gave me pause for thought as the process began somewhat haphazardly and it is only recently that I've begun to play around with using video clips that I have filmed and proper video editing software.

Firstly, I need to explain that to date only my shorts - which were filmed on my iPhone - show me as a talking head. Now, I know that quite a few wargame videos feature people talking directly to camera ... but frankly, the thought of my ugly mug appearing on screen in my videos was not something that I wanted to inflict on potential channel subscribers. I look at myself in the mirror every morning ... and its not a pretty sight, especially as my father seems to be staring back at me when I do!

So, from early on, I looked around for a simple method that even someone as unskilled as me could use ... and I ended up starting out with a program that I have been using for years, Microsoft's PowerPoint. Most of my early videos were produced using this program, and it still is my 'go to' for certain things like intros and outros.

More recently, I've begun to use my iPhone and bridge camera to record video in MP4 format and then using video editing software to create videos. I am still learning how to use this program, but once I had begun to understand its basics, the time it has taken me to make a video has become much shorter.

It is therefore my intention to write a couple of blog posts that explain how I have produced my videos, and I hope that it will encourage some of my regular blog readers to try their hand at doing this as well.

The Imperial Japanese Navy battleships of the Ise-class

The Ise-class battleships (IJNS Ise and IJNS Hyūga) were ordered and laid down just as their predecessors - the Fuso-class battleships - were being completed. It was already apparent that the design of the Fusos was imperfect, and the Ise-class battleships were designed to incorporate changes that had been identified as necessary. These included a revised layout for the main armament and a slightly smaller calibre secondary armament.

IJNS Ise as built.

As built, the class's characteristics were as follows:

• Displacement: 31,260 tons (deep load)
• Dimensions:
• Length: 208.18m (683ft)
• Beam: 28.65m (94ft)
• Draught: 8.93m (29ft 4in)
• Propulsion: 24 x Kampon water-tube boilers providing steam to 4 x steam turbines, each driving a propellor
• Speed: 23 knots
• Range: 9,680 nautical miles at 14 knots
• Complement: 1,360
• Armament: 6 × twin 356mm (14-inch) guns; 20 x single 140mm (5.5-inch) guns; 4 x single 76.2mm (3-inch) anti-aircraft guns; 6 × 533mm (21-inch) torpedo tubes
• Armour: Belt: 300mm (11.8-inch); Deck: 85mm (3.3-inch); Gun turrets: 254mm (12-inch); Barbettes: 305mm (12-inch); Conning tower: 305mm (12-inch)

IJNS Ise during the mid 1920s.

From 1934 to 1937 the class was reconstructed.

• The stern was lengthened by 7.62 meters to improve speed.
• The forward superstructure was rebuilt into a pagoda mast.
• Torpedo bulges were added for better underwater protection.
• With the exception of the rearmost turret, main battery's elevation was increased to 43 degrees for improved range.
• The number of casemate-mounted 5.5-inch/140mm guns was reduced from twenty to sixteen.
• The existing single 3-inch/76.2mm anti-aircraft guns were replaced by four twin 5-inch/127nn anti-aircraft guns.
• Ten twin-mounted 1-inch/25mm Hotchkiss anti-aircraft machine guns were fitted. 
• Additional armour was added to the deck and turret tops and two torpedo bulkheads were installed, increasing the ship's overall armour protection.
• The existing twenty-four mixed coal-fired and oil-fired water-tube Kampon boilers were replaced by eight lighter and more powerful oil-fired Kampon boilers.
• The fore funnel was removed and the remaining funnel was rebuilt in a different position.
• Newer, lighter steam turbines were fitted in place of the original geared turbines.

After their 1930s reconstruction, the class's characteristics were as follows:

• Displacement: 42,001 tons (deep load)
• Dimensions:
• Length: 216m (708ft 8in)
• Beam: 31.75m (104ft 2in)
• Draught: 9.45m (31ft)
• Propulsion: 8 x Kampon water-tube boilers providing steam to 4 x steam turbines, each driving a propellor
• Speed: 25 knots
• Range: 7,870 nautical miles at 14 knots
• Complement: 1,376
• Armament: 6 × twin 356mm (14-inch) guns; 16 x single 140mm (5.5-inch) guns; 4 x twin 127mm (5-inch) anti-aircraft guns; 10 x twin 25mm anti-aircraft guns
• Armour: Belt: 300mm (11.8-inch); Deck: 140mm (5.5-inch); Gun turrets: 254mm (12-inch); Barbettes: 305mm (12-inch)
• Aircraft: 3 x floatplanes; 1 x catapult

IJNS Ise after her first major reconstruction.

After the loss of four aircraft carriers at the Battle of Midway. the Imperial Japanese Navy examined the possibility of converting existing battleships in to aircraft carriers. This was felt to be both too expensive and would take too long, but as IJNS Hyūga had lost her No.5 turret after an explosion and the No.6 turret of both ships was unable to elevate to 43 degrees like the rest of the main armament, conversion into hybrid battleship/aircraft carriers was viable.

During the reconstruction, the following changes were made:

• Nos.5 and 6 turrets and their supporting structures were removed and the holes in the ships structure was plated over with 152mm/6-inch armour.
• The existing 140mm/5.5-inch secondary armament was removed.
• Four additional twin 127mm/5-inch anti-aircraft guns were added.
• The existing ten twin 25mm anti-aircraft guns were replaced by nineteen triple 25mm anti-aircraft guns. Twelve triple and ten single 25mm anti-aircraft guns were later added.
• A 70m/229ft 8in long and 29m/95ft 2in to 13m/42ft 8in wide flight deck was built atop a 40m/131ft 3in long and 20m/65ft 7in to 11m/36ft 1in wide and 6m/19ft 8in high hanger at the stern of the ship.
• Two catapults were fitted at the forward end of the flight deck.

After their conversion into hybrid battleship/aircraft carriers, the class's characteristics were as follows:

• Displacement: 42,675 tons (deep load)
• Dimensions:
• Length: 219.62m (720ft 6in)
• Beam: 31.71m (104ft)
• Draught: 9.03m (29ft 8in)
• Propulsion: 8 x Kampon water-tube boilers providing steam to 4 x steam turbines, each driving a propellor
• Speed: 25 knots
• Range: 7,870 nautical miles at 14 knots
• Complement: 1,463
• Armament: 4 × twin 356mm (14-inch) guns; 8 x twin 127mm (5-inch) anti-aircraft guns; 31 x triple & 10 x single 25mm anti-aircraft guns
• Armour: Belt: 300mm (11.8-inch); Deck: 85mm (3.3-inch); Gun turrets: 254mm (12-inch); Barbettes: 305mm (12-inch); Conning tower: 305mm (12-inch)
• Aircraft: 22 x aircraft; 2 x catapults

IJNS Ise after her reconstruction into a hybrid battleship/aircraft carrier.

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The class's wartime service:

• December 1941: Formed part of the distant force covering the retirement of the aircraft carrier that attacked Pearl Harbour.
• February to November 1943: Converted into hybrid battleship/aircraft carriers.
• October 1944: Battle off Cape Engaño.
• November 1944: The catapults were removed and the ships were used to transport troops and supplies.
• March 1945 onward: The ships were used as floating anti-aircraft batteries..
• July 1945: The ships were sunk by US Navy carrier-borne aircraft.

Wargame Map Tool: A beachhead map for my mini-campaign board

Recently, I began thinking about setting up a beach landing wargame on my mini-campaign board and decided to design the terrain using the Wargame Map Tool. It took me less than ten minutes, and the result looked like this:

I have begun to play around with some of the tools and discovered that I can scale things to fit the hexes ... and that I can set the size of the hexes up to 50mm, which is half the side of my Hexon II hexes.

This is really turning out to be a great map drawing tool ... and the more I use it, the easier I am finding it to use. 

New YouTube video: Running trains on my Mucking Flats & Fobbing Marsh Light Railway layout

Back in late June, I wrote a blog post about the generous gift of 009/HO9 locomotives and rolling stock I was given by Richard Watson.

Once I was able to use my toy/wargame room again, I decided that as soon as an opportunity arose, I would set up my Mucking Flats & Fobbing Marsh Light Railway layout and run as many of the locomotives and rolling stock as I could. The results can be seen on the following YouTube video.

One of the locos proved a little recalcitrant and needed a prod to get it going (hence the appearance of the Hand of Bob at one point!), but once it was properly run-in, it flew around the track. Some of the longer rolling stock – particularly those that did not have twin bogies – had problems with the tight curves on the layout and proved impossible to run. I will have to leave these until I build a bigger layout.

My favourite locomotive and rolling stock is the Minitrains 0-4-0 Fiddletown & Copperopolis tender locomotive and carriages ... and although they are a bit large for the layout, I hope to run them regularly on it until I can build a suitably larger one.

The video lasts approximately five and a half minutes and can be found here on the Wargaming Miscellany YouTube channel

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The Imperial Japanese Navy in 1/1200th-scale ... yet another addition

As a result of winning a recent eBay auction, I now own a model of the INS Ise that I can add to my collection of 1/1200th-scale Imperial Japanese Navy ships.

(42,001 tons; 25 knots; 12 x 14-inch guns, 16 x 5.5-inch guns; 8 x 5-inch AA guns; 20 x 25mm AA guns; a catapult; 3 floatplanes)

I now own an example of each of the Japanese battleships that were in service in 1941.

The Italian/Russian battleship Guilio Cesare/Novorossiysk

At the recent Conference of Wargamers (COW), I took part in a committee game about the loss of the Russian battleship Novorossiysk in Sebastopol on 29th October 1955. The ship had a rather unusual and chequered history, and I thought that its story might be of interest to some of my regular blog readers.

Giulio Cesare was one of three Conte di Cavour-class dreadnoughts (Conte di Cavour, Giulio Cesare, and Leonardo da Vinci) that were designed in response to the laying down of the French Courbet-class battleships. She was laid down on 24t June 1910 at the Gio. Ansaldo shipyard in Genoa, launched on 15th October 1911, and completed on 14th May 1914.

Giulio Cesare as completed.

At the time, her characteristics were as follows:

• Displacement: 25,489 tons (deep load)
• Dimensions:
• Length: 176m (577ft 5in)
• Beam: 28m (91ft 10in)
• Draught: 9.3m (30ft 6in)
• Propulsion: 24 x Babcock & Wilcox boilers providing steam to 4 x steam turbines, each driving a propellor
• Speed: 21.5 knots
• Range: 4,800 nautical miles at 10 knots
• Complement: 1,000
• Armament: 3 x triple & 2 × twin 305mm (12-inch) guns; 18 x single 120mm (4.7-inch) guns; 14 x single 76.2mm (3-inch) guns; 3 × 450mm (17.7-inch) torpedo tubes
• Armour: Belt: 80mm to 250mm (3.1-inch to 9.8-inch); Deck: 24mm to 40 mm (0.9-inch to 1.6-inch; Gun turrets: 240mm to 280mm (9.4-inch to 11.0-inch); Barbettes: 130mm to 230mm (5.1-inch to 9.1-inch); Conning tower: 280mm (11-inch)

During the interwar period, Giulio Cesare and her contemporary Italian battleships (Conte di Cavour and the similar Andrea Doria-class battleships Andrea Doria and Duilio*) became increasingly obsolete, but due to financial restrictions and international treaties, they could not be scrapped and replaced by newer ships. In the end, it was decided to modernise them … and as a result, they underwent the most drastic reconstructions of any of the early dreadnoughts.

Between 1933 and 1937, Giulio Cesare was lengthened to improve her speed, her, armour and underwater protection were upgraded, her propulsion machinery was replaced (with a resulting increase in her top speed), her main armament was extensively renovated (the number of 12-inch guns was reduced from thirteen to ten and their calibre increased to 12.6-inch), her secondary armament was replaced, and her original superstructure replaced by a much more modern one.

Giulio Cesare after her extensive reconstruction. Her new bridge is similar in design to that found on the Italian Navy's contemporary heavy cruisers.

As a result, by the outbreak of the Second World War, her characteristics were:

• Displacement: 29,100 tons (deep load)
• Dimensions:
• Length: 186.4m (611ft 7in)
• Beam: 28.6m (93ft 10in)
• Draught: 10.42m (34ft 2in)
• Propulsion: 8 x Yarrow boilers providing steam to 2 x steam turbines, each driving a propellor
• Speed: 27 knots
• Range: 6.400 nautical miles at 13 knots
• Complement: 1,260
• Armament: 2 x triple & 2 × twin 320mm (12.6-inch) guns; 6 x twin 120mm (4.7-inch) guns; 4 x twin 100mm (3.9-inch) anti-aircraft guns; 6 x twin 37mm anti-aircraft guns; 6 x twin 13.2mm anti-aircraft machine guns
• Armour: Belt: 80mm to 250mm (3.1-inch to 9.8-inch); Deck: 125mm to 166mm (5.3-inch to 6.5-inch; Gun turrets: 240mm to 280mm (9.4-inch to 11.0-inch); Barbettes: 130mm to 280mm (5.1-inch to 11-inch)

During World War II, Giulio Cesare took part in several naval battles:

• July 1940: Battle of Calabria: She was lightly damaged by British gunfire.
• November 1940: Attack on Taranto: Although present in Taranto harbour when Fairey Swordfish torpedo-bombers attacked the Italian fleet whilst it was at anchor, she escaped damage. 
• November 1940: Battle of Cape Spartivento: She took part in an offensive sweep designed to show that despite the losses at Taranto, the Italian Navy was still capable of challenging the Royal Navy’s dominance of the Mediterranean.
• December 1941: First Battle of Sirte: She took part in an attempt to intercept a Royal Navy convoy on its way to supply the besieged island of Malta.
• As a result of fuel shortages, from early in 1942 she became a harbour-based training ship. When the Italian Navy surrendered and sailed for Malta in 1943, Giulio Cesare was one of the ships that was interned.

As part of the settlement of war reparation agreed by the Allies, Russia was allotted one of the older Italian battleships as war reparations. (They had wanted one of the modern Italian Littorio-class battleships, but this request was denied). Giulio Cesare was selected and in 1949 she was transferred to the Soviet Union and renamed Novorossiysk.

The former Giulio Cesare was reanmed Novorossiysk when she became part of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet.

After some technical delays, she eventually arrived in Sebastopol where she became the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet. She later served as a gunnery training vessel with the Black Sea Fleet, but on 29th October 1955, she sank in Sevastopol Bay after a massive explosion occurred aboard her. 617 crew members were killed and the wreck was salvaged in 1956 and subsequently scrapped.

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* The Leonardo da Vinci sank after a magazine explosion on 2nd August 1916, was refloated in 1919. The Italian Navy considered modernising the salvaged ship by replacing her amidships triple 12-inch turret with six 102mm (4-inch) anti-aircraft guns. However, due to the financial situation Italy was in, this was never done and the hull was sold for scrap on 22th March 1923.

The Imperial Japanese Navy battleships of the Nagato-class

The two Nagato-class super-dreadnought were launched during the First World War and completed just after it. The sisterships were named Nagato and Mutsu, and they were the largest battleships in the Imperial Japanese Navy until the Yamato-class super battleships entered service.

Before and during the First World War the Imperial Japanese and Royal Navies retained official and unofficial links, and it is hardly surprising that the design of the Nagatos was heavily influenced by that of the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships. This can be seen by comparing the silhouettes of both classes of ships as built:

The Queen Elizabeth-class as built.

The Nagato-class as designed. They were completed with a hexapod foremast (see below).

The Nagato-class as built. The hexapod foremast can clearly be seen in this photograph.

The Nagato-class as built.

The class's characteristics as built were:

• Displacement: 32,200 tons (deep load)
• Dimensions:
• Length: 215.86m (708ft)
• Beam: 29.02m (95ft 3in)
• Draught: 9.08m (29ft 9in)
• Propulsion: 21 x Kampon water-tube boilers providing steam to 4 x Gihon steam turbines, each driving a propellor
• Speed: 26.5 knots
• Range: 4,500 nautical miles at 16 knots
• Complement: 1,333
• Armament: 4 × twin 410mm (16-inch) guns; 20 x single 140mm (5.5-inch) guns; 4 x single 76.2mm (3-inch) anti-aircraft guns; 8 × 533mm (21-inch) torpedo tubes
• Armour: Belt: 100mm to 305mm (3.9-inch to 12-inch); Deck: 69mm (2.7-inch) plus 75 mm (3-inch; Gun turrets: 190mm to 356mm (7.5-inch to 14-inch); Barbettes: 305mm (12-inch); Conning tower: 369mm (14.5-inch)

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During their service they were rebuilt/reconstructed several times.

1924-25:

• The fore funnel was rebuilt into an S shape to prevent smoke interference.

The silhouette of the Nagato-class with their remodelled fore funnel.

The remodelled S-shaped funnel fitted to the Nagato-class battleships can be clearly be seen in this photograph.

1926:

• The four above-water torpedo tubes were removed, and the anti-aircraft armament was reinforced by three additional 3-inch/76mm anti-aircraft guns.

1932:

• The 3-inch/76mm anti-aircraft guns were removed and replaced by eight 5-inch/127mm in four twin dual-purpose mountings.
• The existing rangefinders fitted to the two superfiring main gun turrets were replaced by new 10m ones.

1933:

• A catapult was fitted between the mainmast and X turret and storage and maintenance facilities for 2 or 3 floatplanes was installed.

1934 to 1936:

• The bow was remodelled to reduce spray when steaming into a head sea.
• The stern was lengthened by 7.55 meters to improve speed.
• The forward superstructure was rebuilt into a pagoda mast.
• Torpedo bulges were added for better underwater protection.
• The main battery's elevation was increased to 43 degrees for improved range.
• The number of casemate-mounted 5.5-inch/140mm guns was reduced from eighteen to fourteen and their elevation was increased to 35 degrees for improved range.
• Twelve twin-mounted 1-inch/25mm Hotchkiss anti-aircraft machine guns were fitted. 
• Additional armour was added to gun turrets and barbettes, increasing the ship's overall armour protection.
• The existing twenty-one mixed coal-fired and oil-fired water-tube Kampon boilers were replaced by ten lighter and more powerful oil-fired Kampon boilers.
• The fore funnel was removed and the remaining funnel was rebuilt in a different position.
• Newer, lighter steam turbines were fitted in place of the original geared turbines.

The silhouette of the Nagato-class after they were reconstructed in the mid-1930s.

1938:

• A new, much more powerful catapult was installed.

By 1944:

• Nagato: Additional 1-inch/25mm Hotchkiss anti-aircraft machine guns in twin and triple mountings were fitted to the IJNS Nagato, bringing her total to 98 barrels.

By 1945:

• Nagato: All the of casemate-mounted 5.5-inch/140mm guns were removed and two twin 5-inch/127mm in four twin dual-purpose mountings were added.

After their reconstruction, the class's characteristics were:

• Displacement: 38.510 tons (deep load)
• Dimensions:
• Length: 224.94m (738ft)
• Beam: 34.6m (113ft 6in)
• Draught: 9.49m (31ft 2in)
• Propulsion: 10 x Kampon oil-fired boilers providing steam to 4 x Gihon steam turbines, each driving a propellor
• Speed: 25 knots
• Range: 8.650 nautical miles at 16 knots
• Complement: 1,734
• Armament: 4 × twin 410mm (16-inch) guns; 18 x single 140mm (5.5-inch) guns; 4 x twin 127mm (5-inch) anti-aircraft guns; Up to 98 x 25mm anti-aircraft guns
• Armour: Belt: 100mm to 305mm (3.9-inch to 12-inch); Deck: 69mm (2.7-inch) plus 100 mm (3.9-inch; Gun turrets: 280mm to 460mm (11-inch to 18.1-inch); Barbettes: 457mm (18-inch)
• Aircraft: 3 x floatplanes; 1 x catapult

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Nagato's wartime service:

• December 1941: Formed part of the distant force covering the retirement of the aircraft carrier that attacked Pearl Harbour.
• June 1942: Battle of Midway.
• June 1944: Battle of the Philippines Sea.
• October 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf.
• October 1944: Battle of Sibuyan Sea.
• November 1944: Due to a shortage of fuel, she was reduced to the role of a floating anti-aircraft battery. Her mainmast and funnel were removed to improve the arcs-of-fire of the ship's anti-aircraft guns.
• July 1945: Badly damaged by an attack by US carrier-borne aircraft whilst at anchor.
• Post-war: Used as a target during the Bikini Atoll nuclear weapon test.

The IJNS Nagato in 1944.

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Mutsu's wartime service:

• December 1941: Formed part of the distant force covering the retirement of the aircraft carrier that attacked Pearl Harbour.
• June 1942: Battle of Midway.
• August 1942: Battle of the Eastern Solomons.
• June 1943: Destroyed by an explosion in the magazine of No.3 turret.

Wargaming and the 'cult of prettiness': An interesting discussion

This is by way of a THANK YOU to everyone who read and commented on my recent blog post about the 'cult of prettiness'.

The range and depth of comments I received was astounding and many of the commenters made points that I had not considered when I wrote my blog post. I came away from this discussion feeling much more positive than I did when I first began to outline my ideas.

In the end, I came to the conclusion that the 'cult of prettiness' represents the attitude of a minority but possibly disproportionally influential sector within the hobby ... and that the majority of wargamers enjoy painting their figures as well as they can and using them on a tabletop as often as the opportunity arises. They want things to look nice, but they also want to have fun. If this is true – and I think that it is – then the hobby will continue to prosper and grow.

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I did have a couple of emails asking why I didn't put my money where my mouth is and set up my own wargame magazine. The answer is simple ... I've sort of been doing that since 1980 in the form of THE NUGGET. If I've not been the editor – and I've performed that role twice in the last forty-six years – I've acted as its publisher and distributer.