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Tuesday, 8 April 2025

I have been to … Belgium and France on a Masonic cruise

Some time ago, a couple of London-based Freemasons thought that it might be a good idea to organise a group cruise for other Masons. They floated the idea on Facebook, and when I mentioned it to Sue, she thought that it would be a good idea to book a couple of places … so we did!


Tuesday 1st April: Southampton

Having packed on Monday night, all we had to do was to get up, get ready, have some breakfast, load the car, and then set off for Southampton. Sue and I had planned to leave by 8.30am but were slightly delayed and didn’t finally set off until just after 9.00am. We joined the M25 at the Dartford interchange some twenty minutes later, and despite there being a 50mph speed limit in place for a large part of the journey around the southern part of the orbital motorway, we joined the M3 not long after 10.15am. We had reached Winchester Services by 10.55am, and after a short comfort break, we were back on the road to Southampton by 11.05am.

For some reason, the postcode we had been given for the cruise terminal proved to be incorrect, and after a somewhat frustrating drive across the suburbs of Southampton and along the main road that runs alongside the docks, we finally arrived at the valet parking area for Ocean Terminal just before midday. We booked our car in, handed our luggage over to a porter, and made our way into the terminal building so that we could do all the pre-boarding procedures before we went aboard MV Iona.

Because of our experience on our Christmas cruise, we booked assisted boarding for this cruise … and this speeded up the process of getting aboard. I was whisked by wheelchair to the booking-in desk, and once the formalities were completed, taken to the security gate. My hand luggage was scanned, I was given a pat down search whilst in my wheelchair, and then I was pushed aboard. My pusher made sure that I visited the right Muster Station to book in before taking me to the Pearl Restaurant (Deck 6 Aft) for lunch. Once I was seated comfortably, she left me to it and Sue and I have a very nice buffet lunch.

At 1.30pm a general announcement was made to the effect that all cabins were now ready for occupation, and ten minutes later we set off to find our suite. It was on Deck 11 Forward … and getting there proved to be somewhat more difficult than we had expected. Luckily, our Cabin Steward – John – was on hand to help. He brought our luggage into our suite and checked that we had everything that we needed.

The view across Southampton Docks from our suite balcony.

We had begun unpacking when our butler – Anil – arrived. He had served us on our previous cruise and we were able to have a chat with him about his period of leave after he left MV Ventura in January and before joining MS Iona in March.

After Anil had left, we complete our unpacking and had time for a short rest before going to the Clubhouse (Deck 8 Aft) for an informal meeting of the Freemasons and their partners. By this time the ship was off Portsmouth and we saw two Royal Navy minehunters that were apparently making their way back towards the harbour as we sailed past them.

Portsmouth's Spinnaker Tower dominates the skyline.
One of the two Royal Navy minehunters that we saw off the coast near Portsmouth.
The second of the Royal Navy minehunters that we saw.

Sue and I met up with two other couples, one whom were from Hertfordshire – the Masonic Province that I am a member of – and the other who were former prison officers who had met whilst working at our local prison, HMP Belmarsh! We were enjoying a quiet drink and a chat when it was announced that the family disco was about to start in the Clubhouse, and that a ‘celebrity’ would be joining everyone soon afterwards. The disco turned out to be very load and the ‘celebrity’ was some poor member of the entertainment team dressed up in a Wallace costume and carrying a large Gromit under his arm! At this point we all gave up trying to talk and made our separate ways out.

Sue and I have just enough time for a short spell in the open air on Deck 18 before returning to our suite to get ready for dinner. We had a pre-dinner drink in the Crow’s Nest (Deck 17 Forward) before going to the Epicurean Restaurant (Deck 17 Forward) for an excellent dinner. After dinner we returned to our suite to read and rest before getting ready for bed, but we were both so tired that we were both in bed and asleep by 11.00pm.

Wednesday 2nd April: At sea

Overnight the ship’s clocks had been advanced by an hour and when we awoke at 8.00am Iona was sailing slowly along the south coast of England.

We were in the Epicurean restaurant having breakfast by just after 9.30am, after which we went into the Crow’s Nest to sit and read for a while. In fact, we stayed there until nearly 1.30pm. The sunlight streaming through the windows, coupled with the gentle rocking of the ship, made it very soporific and extremely restful in there ... and both Sue and I dozed at least once during our stay.

On our return to our suite, we discovered an invitation to go to lunch with some of the other Freemasons who were on the cruise, but as the lunch was at midday and we didn’t see the invitation until it was over, we missed this opportunity.

Just after 2.45pm, Sue and I went down to The Quays (Deck 8 Midships) for a snack lunch. It was very crowded when got there, but by just after 3.00pm people began to leave in large numbers, and thirty minutes later most of the tables were vacant. After a walk along Deck 8, we returned to our suite to read and rest, and that is how we spent our time until we had to begin to think about getting ready for the only formal dinner of the cruise. We had booked places at what is known as The Chef’s Table. This was held on every formal evening in part of the ship’s self-service restaurant – The Horizon – which is on Deck 16 Aft.

We decide to go for a pre-dinner drink in the Crow’s Nest before taking the lift down one deck and walking from one end of the ship to the other. After an excellent dinner – during which we had interesting chats with the couples on the adjoining tables – we returned to our suite, watched the news on TV, and were in bed reading by just after 11.00pm.

Thursday 3rd April: Zeebrugge

Sue and I awoke just after Iona docked in Zeebrugge at 7.30am. We were in the Epicurean Restaurant eating breakfast by 9.15am, after which we went up to the open deck area on Deck 18. Once the bulk of those going on organised trips or taking the shuttle bus to nearby Blankenberge had disembarked, Sue and I went back to our suite to prepare to go ashore.

At 11.10am we took the shuttle bus to the centre of Blankenberge. The journey took about twenty minutes, and we were dropped off in a square adjoining the railway station, the local town hall, and the main police station. From there, we walked up the main street that leads towards the beach, doing window shopping along the way.

The Saint Antony's Church (Sint-Antoniuskerk), Blankenberge.
Blankenberge's main shopping street.

It is some years since we last visited Blankenberge and we were struck by how many shops seemed to have closed down and not been replaced. Luckily, our favourite chocolate shop – Moeder Babelutte – was not one of them and we stocked up on a variety of their excellent chocolates.

(It was interesting to note that the grumpy salesman who was working behind the counter the last time we visited is still there. The only difference is that he has gone grey, but his manner is still as terse as it ever was!)

Sue and I had hoped to be able to find somewhere to sit and have a drink, but those bars that were open – and there weren’t many – were full. In the end, we gave up and caught the shuttle bus back to the cruise terminal in Zeebrugge. This wasn’t there the last time we were in the town, and everyone had to get out of the shuttle bas, pass through the security checks, and then board another shuttle bus back to the ship!

Once we were back aboard Iona at 1.30pm, Sue and I dropped off our coats and bags in our suite and then went up to the Beachcomber Bar (Deck 18 Forward) for some much-needed liquid refreshment. After we had drunk our drinks, we set off for the Horizon self-service restaurant for some lunch. We ate lunch, had another drink, and by 3.15pm we were back in our suite reading and resting. Our butler visited us at 5.00pm, and after a chat with him, we watched some TV before getting ready for dinner.

Sue and I had a pre-dinner drink in the Crow’s Nest before walking almost the full length of the ship to have our meal in the Coral Restaurant (Deck 7 Aft). After dinner, Sue and I returned to our suite to read for a time before getting ready for bed.

Friday 4th April: Le Havre

Sue and I were woken up at about 7.30am by the sound and vibration of Iona using her thrusters to turn so that she could come alongside her berth. As a result, we were able to get washed and dressed at a leisurely pace before going to have breakfast in the Epicurean Restaurant. The weather was predicted to be warm, so after breakfast Sue and I went up to the open deck area, only to discover that it was overcast, windy, and cold. We then returned to our suite to wait until the excursion coaches had left.

The view of Le Havre from our suite's balcony.

At 11.00am we made our way down to the accessible gangway on Deck 6 Midships, only to discover that there was a long queue to get off. Apparently, the second gangway was being moved by a dockside crane, and this meant that everyone trying to disembark was having to use one gangway. Furthermore, the dockside crane was moving through the area disembarking passengers had to walk past to get to the cruise terminal, and for safety reasons this necessitated frequent pauses in the disembarkation process. Sue and I finally made it ashore by 11.30pm and joined the queue for the shuttle bus into the centre of Le Havre. Unfortunately, only two of the coaches being used were accessible for passengers with mobility problems, and we had to wait until one came along before we could travel to the centre of the city.

To put it bluntly, Le Havre proved to be a disappointment. We were dropped off near the Hotel de Ville (Town Hall) and had expected that the area would have lots of bars and cafés as well as numerous interesting shop whose window we could look through. As it was, the town hall was on one side of a pleasant little park, but on the streets around it we were only able to find one café that was open … and that was full of cruise passengers from Iona!

Le Havre's Hotel de Ville (Town Hall).
The park in front of Le Havre's Hotel de Ville (Town Hall).

As to the shops … well, we found one selling fresh seafood, another hiring out electric bicycles, one selling orthopaedic shoes, and one selling expensive clothes and accessories. We knew they were expensive as nothing had a visible price tag!

In the end, we gave up trying to find somewhere to get a drink or where we could buy a souvenir and caught the next shuttle bus back to the ship. In the terminal building, Sue did mange to buy a Le Havre shot glass to add to her collection, and by 12.45pm we had arrived back at our suite. By this time we were both very thirsty, and after dropping our coasts and bags off, we made our way up to the Beachcomber Bar to have a drink … only to find that it was shut! As a result, we ended up in the nearly empty Crow’s Nest, where we were finally able to get a much-needed drink!

Suitably refreshed, Sue and I returned to our suite, and whilst I began drafting the text of this blog post, She wrote up her cruise log. We did this until just before 3.00pm, at which point we went down to The Quays for lunch. By sheer coincidence, Sue and I sat next to a table that was occupied by a fellow Hertfordshire Freemason and we chatted with them as we ate. We parted company just after 4.00pm, and after a spell sitting together in the open area on Deck 18, Sue and I returned to our suite to begin the process of packing our bags.

We took our time doing this, and took several breaks. During one of these, our butler – Anil – came to wish us a good journey home and we were able to have a long chat with him about his career with P&O. After Anil had left us, we finished packing all but one of our bags, and when we left our suite for dinner, we left this luggage outside our door for collection.

After a lot of deliberation, Sue and I decided that we were not very hungry and looked at the various options available to us. We rejected the three-course menu available in the main restaurants, and almost all the other informal dining options were either booked or their menus were unattractive. In the end, we had our pre-dinner drink in the Crow’s Nest and then went to the Horizon self-service restaurant. I had steak and chips and Sue ate a ham salad … and that was more than enough for both of us.

Once we had eaten, we returned to our suite and finished packing our last bag before putting it outside our suite's door for collection. We were both feeling quite tired, and were in bed by 11.00pm.

Saturday 5th April: Southampton

We set our alarm to go off at 7.00am, but the sound and vibration caused by the operation of the ship’s thrusters as the ship moored alongside her berth at the Ocean Terminal in Southampton woke us up well before then. As a result, Sue and I were ready to go to breakfast in the Epicurean Restaurant at 7.45am.

By 8.30am we had finished eating and were on our way to the Limelight’s Bar (Deck 6 Midships) which was the meeting point for passengers – like me – who had booked assisted disembarkation. As soon as I was booked in, I was seated in a wheelchair and – accompanied by Sue – on my way to the gangway.

Once we had reached the baggage reclaim hall, the person who was pushing my wheelchair summoned a porter, and with Sue’s help they collected our luggage. Within minutes, we were through Customs and on our way to the valet parking area. Once there, the wheelchair pusher collected our car keys for me and then wheeled me to our car. At the same time, the porter accompanied us and loaded our luggage into our car. This was even more efficiently done than the assisted boarding process on Tuesday!

We drove out of the car park at 8.50am and were soon on our way to the M3. However, soon after joining the M3 we noticed signs next to the motorway that announced that it was shut between junctions 7 and 6.

Sue and I decided that we needed to stop at Winchester Services and work out how we were going to get home. In the end, we used Goggle Maps as it is better at finding alternative routes than my car’s sat nav. It directed us down the M3 as far as Junction 8 … which meant that we ended up stuck in a traffic queue for over half an hour. However, once we reached the junction, we turned right towards Dummer whilst everyone else turned left towards Basingstoke and the A30.

(This turned out to have been a sensible thing to do as there were reports of several accidents on the official/recommended diversion route.)

Our route took us down a number of country roads until we joined the B3046, which took us to the A339 and thence back towards the east of Basingstoke. Just before the A339 passed under the M3, we turned right and followed some more country roads until we drove under the M3 and joined the London Road (A30). We drove eastwards until we reached the junction with the A287, where we turned right towards Junction 8 of the M3. Once back on the M3, we soon reached the Fleet Services where we stopped for a quick drink and a comfort break.

Less than thirty minutes later we rejoined the M3 and by just before 12.30pm we had joined the anticlockwise M25. There was a 50mph speed limit in place for much of the drive, and we were further delayed by a car crash near the junction with the A2 that had caused a minor traffic jam.

Sue and I finally got home a few minutes before 2.00pm. Our journey – including two stops – had taken us about five hours … which is twice as long as we would normally have expected!

Sunday, 6 April 2025

What was the Royal Guelphic Order ... and what was the Guelphic Legion?

During my recent blog post about the trip Sue and I made to St Nicholas Church in Plumstead, several of the people whose graves we hoped to find there were members of the Royal Guelphic Order ... but we had no idea what order of chivalry it was.

According to online sources, the Royal Guelphic Order was a chivalric order that was established by the Prince Regent (later King George IV) on 28th April 1815. The name of the Order was derived from the name of the House of Guelph – which was one of the branches of the House of Hanover – of which the British Royal Family formed a part. The Order was awarded in two Divisions – Civilian and Military – to people who had performed distinguished service to the United Kingdom or the Kingdom of Hanover.

When it was instigated, the Order had three classes:

  • Knight Grand Cross (GCH)
  • Knight Commander (KCH)
  • Knight (KH)

When William IV died and Queen Victoria became queen of the United Kingdom, the Salic Law prevented her from also becoming Queen of Hanover, and therefore her uncle – Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale – became King of Hanover. As a result, the link between the two thrones – which had existed since 1717 – was broken and no more UK citizens were awarded any of the classes of the Order.

After 1841, the Order's classes were reorganised and additional classes were added. These were now:

  • Grand Cross
  • Commander 1st Class
  • Commander 2nd Class
  • Knight
  • Cross of Merit.

After Hanover was annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War (14th June to 22nd July 1866), the Order continued to be awarded by the reigning head of the Royal House of Hanover, even though they were in exile in Austria.


After Hanover's annexation by Prussia, a number of former Hanoverian soldiers gathered at Arnhem in the Netherlands and the ex-King of Hanover – George V – formed them into the Guelphic Legion.

In May 1867 the Dutch government ordered the Legion to leave the country, and it moved to Switzerland where it continued to recruit members until it reached a strength of 700. The Legion then moved to France in February 1868, and by 1870 it had 1400 members. When the Prussian House of Representatives passed a law that sequestered the funds of the former King of Hanover because of his anti-Prussian activities, he was no longer able to fund the Legion, and on 15th April 1870 the Guelphic Legion was dissolved.

The Legion's uniform appears to have been similar to that worn by the pre-1866 Hanoverian Army, and probably included a blue coat with red facings and gold trim, grey trousers, white belts, and a tall, tapering kepi that was similar to that worn by the Austrian army.


It is interesting to note thet the current head of the House of Hanover – Ernst August von Hannover – has both a German and British nationality. His father successfully claimed British nationality under the Sophia Naturalisation Act 1705 and was awarded a British passport in the name of Ernest Augustus Guelph. As a result, his children, including Ernst August, were recognised as having British nationality.

Friday, 4 April 2025

Private Robert Gosling and the 20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League Pioneers)

When you are an amateur military historian who is married to a genealogist, the grave of a soldier can sometimes start you both off on a trail to find out more about that person. Private Robert Gosling’s gravestone next to the wall of St Nicholas Church, Plumstead, is an example of this … and this is what we found.


Private Robert Gosling originally joined the 20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League Pioneers) (Service Number R/19937) before transferring to the Motor Transport Division of the Army Service Corps on 12th February 1918. His ASC Service Number was M/376132, and his family home was 30 Speranza Street, which is less than half a mile from the church. He was awarded the Victory Medal and the British War Medal.

Robert Gosling was born in 1889 in Plumstead and was the son of Robert Gosling (approximately 1840 to 9th March 1912) and Mary Ann Kesteven (1849 to 1934). His father was a metalworker in the Royal Arsenal (he gives his trade as being a metal annealer) and Robert was also a worker in the Royal Arsenal before he joined the army.

Robert Gosling Snr. had been married before to Mary Ann Sowery, but she had died in 1880 and been buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas Church, Plumstead. At the time the family (seven children and Mary Ann's mother) was living in White Hart Place, Plumstead.

Mary Ann Kesteven had also been previously married to Thomas Potter (who was also a worker in the Royal Arsenal) and who died in 1883, and who was also buried at St Nicholas Church.

Robert Gosling Snr. was living with Mary Ann Potter at the time of the 1891 Census at 154 High Street Plumstead. By then they had two children, Ethel (born 1888) and Robert (born 1889). In 1901 were living in Saunders Road, which is around the corner from Speranza Street. By 1911 Robert Gosling Snr. was a Royal Arsenal pensioner, Ethel had left home, and Robert Gosling Jnr. was a boilermaker. Robert Gosling Snr. died in 1912 and was buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas Church.


The British Empire League was set up in 1895 by Lord Avebury, Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, and Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal. Its primary purpose was to promote the unity of the British Empire. In April 1915 it raised the 17th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League), and by August it had recruited so many additional volunteers that it was able to form the 20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League Pioneers).

The badge of the King's Royal Rifle Corps.

The latter battalion began its training in Green Park in Central London, and in February 1916 it moved to Wellingborough to complete its training with the 23rd Reserve Brigade. Towards the end of March the battalion was sent to France, where it joined 20th (Light) Division near Poperinge.

In May 1916 the battalion transferred to the 3rd Division, and it remained the division's Pioneer battalion until the end of the war. During that period it took part in the following battles:

  • The Actions of the Bluff and St Eloi Craters
  • The Battle of the Somme
    • The Battle of Albert
    • The Battle of Bazentin Ridge
    • The Battle of Delville Wood
    • The Battle of the Ancre
  • The Battle of Arras
    • The First Battle of the Scarpe
    • The Second Battle of the Scarpe
    • The Third Battle of the Scarpe
    • The Battle of Arleux
  • The Third Battle of Ypres
    • The Battle of the Menin Road
    • The Battle of Polygon Wood
  • The German Spring Offensive
  • The Hundred Days Offensive
    • The Battle of Amiens
    • The Second Battle of Bapaume
    • The Second Battle of Cambrai
    • The Battle of Lys
    • The Battle of the Hindenberg Line
    • The Battle of the Selle

The 3rd Division was chosen to form part of the Allied Occupation of the Rhineland and 20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League Pioneers) crossed into Germany frontier on 11th December, and reached Düren near Cologne on 19th December.

In February 1919 the battalion transferred to the 2nd Division, ceased to be Pioneers, and became a standard infantry battalion. The following month the British part of the Allied Occupation force was renamed the British Army of the Rhine and the 2nd Division was converted into the Light Division, with 20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corp​ (BEL) forming part of the 1st Light Brigade.

In November 1919 the Light Division was abolished and the 1st Light Brigade became the Light Brigade in the Independent Division. This division was broken up in early 1920, and on 9th February 1920 the 20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (BEL) was disbanded.

Thursday, 3 April 2025

Dominion of the Spear and Bayonet play-test

I recently decided to play-test Steve Parker's DOMINION OF THE SPEAR AND BAYONET RULES that I reviewed at the beginning of the month.

The first thing that I did was to create a suitable gridded battlefield on the back of one of my spare 30cm square 6mm-thick cork tiles. As my 15mm figures are mounted on 40mm-wide bases and none are deeper than 40mm, I decided to to make each of the sector grid areas 50mm x 50mm. The end result looked like this:

I then chose two armies from the army lists that are included in the rules.

Mahdist War (1881 - 1899 AD)

  • Mahdist (1881 to 1899):
    • 1 x Skirmishers (Baggara Arab cavalry armed with muskets and spears)
    • 1 x Elite spearmen (Hadendowah Beja tribesmen)
    • 1 x Elite line infantry (Jihadiyya riflemen)
    • 1 x Ambushers (Ansar spearmen on foot)
    • 1 x Skirmishers (Ansar with bows or old firearms on foot)
  • Egyptians (1882 to 1885):
    • 1 x Cavalry (Dragoons)
    • 1 x Line infantry (Sudanese)
    • 2 x Line infantry (Conscripts)
    • 1 x Spearmen (Sudanese native levies or auxiliaries)
    • 1 x Artillery (old cannons)
The Mahdist Army.
The Egyptian Army.

(The figures I used came from my 15mm Belle Époque collection.)

Background and Initial Positions

As the power of the Mahdists increased across the Sudan, the Egyptians decided to mount a punitive military expedition against them in the hope that it would stop a full-scale revolt in its tracks. They selected retired British Army Major Archibald Higgs to lead the expedition, and gave him the rank of Pasha. Having gathered his troops together at Jakdun Wells, he set off across the desert to find and fight the Mahdists.

Three days after setting out, the Egyptians were passing through an area of scrubland near a plateau when the Mahdists attacked them. (During the battle the Mahdists were the attackers and the Egyptians were the defenders.)

Turn 1

The Mahdist Baggara Arab cavalry skirmishers attacked the Egyptian Dragoon cavalry in the left sector. Both sides threw a D6 die and scored 4 and 2 respectively. As a result, the fighting was indecisive.

In reply, the 1st Egyptian line infantry attacked the Mahdist Ansar skirmishers in the centre sector. Both sides threw a D6 die, and scored 3 and 4 respectively. As a result, the fighting was indecisive.

Turn 2

The Mahdist Baggara Arab cavalry skirmishers attacked the Egyptian Dragoon cavalry in the left sector for a second time. Both sides threw a D6 die and scored 1 and 2 respectively. As a result, the fighting was indecisive.

In reply, the Egyptian Sudanese spearmen attacked the Mahdist Ansar ambushers in the right sector. Both sides threw a D6 and scored 3 and 4 respectively. As a result, the fighting was indecisive.

Turn 3

The Mahdist Baggara Arab cavalry skirmishers attacked the Egyptian Dragoon cavalry in the left sector for a third time. Both sides threw a D6 die and scored 3 and 5 respectively. As a result, the Mahdist Baggara Arab cavalry skirmishers were destroyed ...

... and replaced by the Mahdist Elite Jihadiyya.

In reply, the Egyptian Sudanese spearmen attacked the Mahdist Ansar spear-armed skirmishers in the right sector. Both sides threw a D6 die and scored 1 and 5 respectively. As a result, the Egyptian Sudanese spearmen were destroyed ...

... and replaced by the Egyptian Sudanese line infantry.

Turn 4

The Mahdist Elite Jihadiyya attacked the Egyptian Dragoon cavalry in the left sector. Both sides threw a D6 die and scored 3 (+1 for being Elite attackers) and 6 respectively. As a result, the Mahdist Elite Jihadiyya were destroyed ...

... and replaced by the Mahdist Elite Hadendowah spearmen.

In reply, the Egyptian 1st line infantry attacked the Ansar Arab skirmishers in the centre sector. Both sides threw a D6 die and both scored 6! As a result, both the Mahdist Jihadiyya and the Egyptian 1st line infantry were destroyed!

There were no Mahdist troops in reserve but the Egyptian 2nd Line Infantry were able to replace the Egyptian 1st line infantry.

Turn 5

The Mahdist Elite Hadendowah spearmen attacked the Egyptian Dragoon cavalry in the left sector. Both sides threw a D6 die and scored 5 (+1 for being an Elite attacker) and 2 respectively. As a result, the Egyptian Dragoon cavalry were destroyed …

… and replaced by the Egyptian Artillery.

In reply, the Egyptian Line Infantry attack the Elite Hadendowa spearmen in the flank. They throw a D6 die and score 5 (+1 for an outflanking attack). (Because the Elite Hadendowah spearmen were being attacked in the flank they were not able to fight back and did not throw a D6 die). As a result, the Elite Hadendowa spearmen were destroyed ...

... and the Mahdist force was defeated! Against the odds, Pasha Higgs had led a successful Egyptian punitive expedition against the Mahdists!

This battle took a lot less time to fight than it did to photograph and write about, and I can see myself using these rules to fight a simple campaign in a day at some time in the future.


One thing that this simple type of battle lends it to is the narrative style of battle report. My play-test shows how the rules work, but does not impart the flavour or feel of the battle. What follows is the battle report I would have written (in the character of Higgs Pasha) had I wanted to include it in a campaign that was going to be recorded for posterity.

To his Excellency, the Governor of the Sudan

From Higgs Pasha

Sir,

In accordance with my orders to seek and bring to battle the forces of the so-called Mahdi, I assembled a small field force comprising a regiment of Dragoons, two battalions of Egyptian line infantry, a battalion of Sudanese line infantry, a battery of artillery, and a group of locally-recruited auxiliaries at Jakdun Wells.

I led my force into the desert, and after several days of fruitless searching, we approached a small plateau that seemed to dominate the surrounding area. I suspected that the Mahdists might have chosen it as a base as there appeared to be an abundant supply of water near the plateau’s base.

I sent the Dragoons forward, flanked by the by the one of the Egyptian line infantry battalions and the unit of auxiliaries. Almost at once, a large group of mounted Baggara Arabs appeared from cover and engaged the Dragoons, who gave a good account of themselves.

Seeing a host of Ansar spearmen behind the mounted Arabs, the Egyptian line infantry engaged them with somewhat ineffective rifle fire.

Whilst the two mounted forces continued fighting, the Sudanese auxiliaries attacked another group of Ansar that had suddenly appeared with more vigour than I would have expected of them, although the results were inconclusive.

The Dragoons finally prevailed, and the Baggara Arabs quit the field, only to be replaced by a force of Jihadiyya riflemen. By this time the Dragoons were exhausted, and the arrival of a such a fierce and aggressive enemy caused them to falter slightly … but they proved to be brave fellows and fought their new enemy with great vigour, causing them many casualties. The Mahdist unit withdrew from the fight, only to be replaced by some fearsome Hadendowah infantry.

At the same time, the Sudanese auxiliaries finally succumbed in their somewhat unequal struggle with the Ansar, only to be replaced by my steadiest unit, the Sudanese line infantry. Fighting in the centre was particularly fierce and saw both the Egyptian line infantry and the Ansar unit that was facing them mutually annihilated, but the other Egyptian line infantry unit stepped forward over the bodies of their fallen comrades to continue the fight.

This was none too soon as the hard-pressed Dragoons finally gave way, to be replaced by the Egyptian artillery battery. At this point the Egyptian line infantry proved themselves worthy of their reputation for dogged steadfastness. They enfiladed the Hadendowah with a devastating volley … and the Mahdist unit disintegrated. As only a unit of Ansar spearmen remained, victory was ours!

I remain, Sir, your obedient servant,

Archibald Higgs Pasha

Tuesday, 1 April 2025

Dominion of the Spear and Bayonet

Just over a month ago I wrote a review of Steve Parker's DOMINION OF THE SPEAR solo wargame rules. Since then, he has added DOMINION OF PIKE AND SHOT and now DOMINION OF THE SPEAR AND BAYONET. The latter enables players to fight Colonial battles set between 1800 and 1900 and uses the same basic design and game engine as his previous rules.

In his description of the rules, Steve states that:

Dominion of the Spear and Bayonet is a very, very simple set of solo wargames rules … allowing one to fight two Colonial armies … against each other in around ten minutes. They are written for the game to generate a plausible and – with some imagination – an amusing narrative. Although figures can be used, battles can easily be fought on paper (no measuring) using pen or pencil and two different coloured six sided dice. Armies consist of 3 to 6 units and a points system is included.’

There are five different types of unit:

  • Line Infantry: These are infantry that fight in close formation and rely on firepower to destroy enemy units. It also includes Machine Guns.
  • Ambushers: These are infantry or cavalry that attack enemy units by ambushing them.
  • Skirmishers: These are infantry or cavalry who fight in a dispersed formation and rely on firepower or missile weapons to destroy enemy units. It includes European light infantry, natives or militia with firearms or bows, light cavalry with carbines or rifles, dismounted cavalry, and horse archers.
  • Melee Units: These are infantry units that are armed with spears (Spearmen), bayonets (Bayonets) or cavalry. It includes infantry and cavalry that fight in close formation and rely on charging their opponents and fighting with melee weapons (e.g. spears, swords, lances, bayonets).
  • Artillery: It includes all artillery (e.g. cannons, field guns, and rockets). Artillery is especially useful against troops in fortifications.

Examples of units include:

  • Trained militia armed with muskets – Line Infantry (cost 2 points).
  • Zulu veteran warriors – elite Spearmen (cost 3 points).
  • Tribesmen firing from sangars – fortified Skirmishers (cost 3 points).
  • British Highlanders infantry – elite Bayonets (cost 3 points).
  • Best European infantry – elite disciplined Line Infantry (cost 4 points).

As in the previous rules, the battlefield is split into eight areas:

The booklet also includes a number of optional rules:

  • Optional Artillery and Rocket Battery rules.
  • Optional Alternative Activation rule.
  • Optional Rallying Phase.
  • Optional Unreliable Troops.

The book includes a play through of a battle between British Indian Army units (the British Chitral Relief Expedition) and Pathan tribesmen (Chitrali and other Pathani tribesmen) on the North-West Frontier, and this really helps the reader to understand how the game's mechanisms work.

The booklet also includes 122 army lists that cover the the following conflicts:

  • The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803 to 1805)
  • The Bolivian War of Independence (1809 to 1825)
  • The Argentine War of Independence (1810 to 1818)
  • The Mexican War of Independence (1810 to 1821)
  • Tecumseh’s War (1811 to 1813)
  • The Fourth Xhosa War (1811 to 1812)
  • The Creek War (1813 to 1814)
  • The First Seminole War (1816 to 1818)
  • The First Anglo Burmese War (1824 to 1826)
  • The Padri War (Sumatra) (1821 to 1838)
  • The First Anglo-Ashanti War (Ghana) (1823 to 1831)
  • The Java War (1825 to 1830)
  • The Second Seminole War (1835 to 1842)
  • The First Opium War (1839 to 1842)
  • The French Conquest of Algeria (1830 to 1903)
  • The Mexican-Texan War (Texas War of Independence) (1835 to 1836)
  • The First Anglo-Afghan War (1838 to 1842)
  • The British invasion of Sindh (1843)
  • The Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
  • The Franco-Tahitian War (1844 to 1846)
  • The First Anglo-Sikh War 1845 to 1846)
  • The New Zealand Wars (1845 to 1872)
  • The Mexican-American War (1846 to 1848)
  • The Taiping Rebellion (1850 to 1864)
  • The Anglo-Persian War (1856 to 1860)
  • The Second Opium War (1856 to 1860)
  • The Indian Mutiny (1857 to 1858)
  • The French Intervention in Mexico (1862 to 1867)
  • The Fenian Raids (1866 to 1871)
  • The British Expedition to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) (1867 to 1868)
  • The North-West Frontier Black Mountain Expeditions (1868. 1888, and 1891)
  • The Russian Conquest of Central Asia (1866 to 1881)
  • The Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873 to 1874)
  • The Aceh War (Indonesia) (1873 to 1904)
  • The Great Sioux War (1876 to 1877)
  • The Nez Perce War (1877)
  • The Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878 to 1880)
  • The Anglo-Zulu War (1879)
  • The First Boer War (The Transvaal War) (1880 to 1881)
  • The Belgians in the Congo (1880 onwards)
  • The Mahdist War (1881 to 1899)
  • The Tonkin Campaign (Northern Vietnam) and Sino-French War (1883 to 1886)
  • The North-West Rebellion (1885)
  • The Italo-Ethiopian Wars (1887 onwards)
  • The Abushiri Revolt (Tanzania) (1888 to 1889)
  • The Hehe Resistance (1891 to 1898)
  • The Second Franco-Dahomean War (Benin) (1892 to 1894)
  • The First Matabele War (Zimbabwe) (1893)
  • The North-West Frontier Chitral Campaign (1895)
  • The Conquest of Gaza (Mozambique) (1895 to 1897)
  • The Cuban War of Independence (1895 to 1898)
  • The North-West Frontier Tirah and Tochi Campaign (1897)
  • The Spanish-American War (1898)
  • The Philippine-American War (1899 to 1902)
  • The Boxer Rebellion (1899 to 1901)
  • The Second Boer War (1899 to 1902)

The booklet ends with suggestions for a very interesting Big Battle version of the rules and also includes a QRS (Quick Reference Sheet) on its back cover.

I have yet to try the rules, but I certainly hope to do so soon.


DOMINION OF THE SPEAR AND BAYONET was written by Steve Parker and published in 2025 by Orc Publishing. It is available to buy online in PDF format from Wargame Vault for £4.40/$5.69.

Monday, 31 March 2025

I have been to ... St Nicholas Church, Plumstead

Recently, Sue and I paid one of our infrequent visits to local cemeteries and churches to look at interesting graves and memorials. This time we visited St Nicholas Church, Plumstead, which was formerly the parish church.

There has been a church on the site since 960(!), although the current building dates back to the twelfth century.

During the seventeenth century the brick west tower was added and the nave was rebuilt in 1818. Further restoration took place between 1867 and 1868, and the church was enlarged in 1907. The building was extensively damaged on 6th February 1945 by the one of the last V2 rockets to hit London. This damage was repaired in 1959.

Unfortunately, the extensive graveyard was turned into a small park in the 1960s, and the gravestones were moved to locations around the edge of the park. Subsequently, these were removed when the park was remodelled and the original railings were taken down.

Only one gravestone remains, and it is located against the south wall of the church. It is a Commonwealth War Grave (formerly an Imperial War Grave) and marks the burial of Private Robert Gosling of the Army Service Corps (ASC), who died at home on 3rd March 1918.

What we had hoped to find were the following graves:

  • Colonel Charles Bingham (1815 to 1864): The son of Colonel Charles Cox Bingham and Sarah Bingham and brother of Captain Edmund Hayter Bingham. He served as Adjutant-General of the Royal Artillery.
  • Captain Edmund Hayter Bingham (7th January 1820 to 9th October 1856): The son of Colonel Cox Bingham and Sarah Bingham. He served with the 1st Battalion, West India Regiment from 1839 to 1850, being promoted to the rank of Captain on 1st March 1848.
  • Major-General Joseph Brome (1712 to 1796): He joined the Royal Artillery at the age of 8 as a drummer and rose through the ranks to become commander of 1st Battalion, Royal Artillery. He was Master Gunner from 1760 and later became Colonel-Commandant of the Royal Artillery. He was promoted to the rank of Major-General in 1793.
  • Captain Frederick William Burgoyne RN (28th May 1778 to 22nd October 1848): He was the son of General Sir John Burgoyne, 7th Baronet of Sutton Park. Frederick was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 7th March 1797, Commander on 22nd October 1810, and Post Captain on 20th September 1815. At various times he commanded HMS Defender, HMS Transit, HMS Tyrian, HMS Port Mahon, and HMS Sparrowhawk. From 1st November 1824 until early 1831, he commanded the Coast Guard at Kinsale and Wexford; and from 6th August 1841 until September 1844 he was Captain of HMS San Josep (a 114-gun ship-of-the-line captured from the Spanish on 14th February 1797), the flag-ship of the Admiral Superintendent at Devonport, Sir Sam Pym.
  • Daniel Cambridge VC (27th March 1820 to 4th June 1882): He was born in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, Ireland. He joined the Royal Artillery in 1839 as a Gunner and Driver and initially served in the 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery. After serving in Malta from 1841 to 1847 he transferred to the 7th Battalion, Royal Artillery - which was then in Canada - in 1848. He returned to the UK in 1853 and returned to the 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery in Woolwich. After the Crimean War broke out, he transferred to the 11th Battalion, Royal Artillery and landed in the Crimea on 19th September 1854. The battalion was involved in the Siege of Sevastopol and Daniel also took part in the Battle of Inkerman. He was promoted to the rank of Bombardier on 3rd April 1855. On 8th September he took part in the failed Assault on the Redan as part of a spiking party and he was badly wounded. Despite this, he helped other wounded soldiers to safety. In his despatch, Cambridge's commander (Lieutenant-Colonel Strange CB) reported that 'Early in the day he was wounded in the leg but did not on that account leave the Assaulting Party though recommended to do so – At a subsequent part of the day he went out in front of the advanced trench in the Quarries under a heavy fire in order to bring in a wounded man, in performing which service he was severely wounded a 2nd time, having been shot through the jaw'. As a result, he was awarded the Victoria Cross on 23rd June 1857. Daniel was the twenty-second person of the original sixty-two to be given this award. He was also awarded the Sardinian Military Medal of Valour (Al Valore Militare). He was promoted to the rank of Sergeant on 21st April 1856 and Quartermaster-Sergeant a year later. In 1857 he was promoted to the rank of Master Gunner with the 8th Coastal Battery, Athlone, County Roscommon, Ireland, and on 21st February 1862 he transferred to Fort Tarbert, County Kerry, Ireland. He retired on 27th June 1871 and was appointed to the sovereign's bodyguard, the Yeomen of the Guard. He died as a result of the wounds he had suffered during the Crimean War on 4th June 1882 at 57 Frederick Place, Plumstead. He was sixty-two-years-old.
Daniel Cambridge VC.
  • Major-General Sir Alexander Dickson KGCB, KCRGO (1777 to 1840): He entered the Royal Military Academy in 1793 and became a Second-Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1794. He saw service in Menorca in 1798 and Malta in 1800. By 1806 he was a Captain and took part in the disastrous Montevideo Expedition. In 1809 he joined Brigadier=General Edward Howorth in Portugal where he served as brigade-major of the Portuguese artillery. Within a short time he had become a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Portuguese army and commanded the Portuguese artillery in the Allied army in the Peninsular. As a result, he served under Sir Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) at the Battles of Busaco, Albuera, Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, Salamanca (by which time he was in command of all of the Allied artillery in Wellesley's army, even though he was still just a Captain in the Royal Artillery), Vittoria, San Sebastian, Nivelle, Nive, and Toulouse. He was sent to North America after Napoleon's abdication and took part in the Battle of New Orleans. He then returned to the UK and served as a member of the now Duke of Wellington's staff at the Battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo. He was awarded the Peninsular Gold Medal with six clasps (only the Duke of Wellington, with nine clasps, and Sir Dennis Pack and Lord Beresford who had seven clasps, had more) as well as the Knight Grand Commander of the Bath and Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order. He ended his service as Master Gunner, St James's Park. He was also one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society.
  • Major-General Duncan Drummond (1731 to 1805): Commanding Officer, Royal Artillery and Director-General of the Field Train Department.
  • General Sir William Green (1725 to 1811): A Royal Engineer, he designed and oversaw the building of the defences of Gibraltar (1779 to 1783).  In 1772 he suggested that a regiment of military artificers should be raised to replace civilians who had formerly been recruited on an ad hoc basis to construct military works. This led to the raising of the Soldier Artificer Company which eventually evolved into the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners. He was Chief Engineer of Great Britain from 1796 until his retirement in 1802.
  • Doctor Olinthus Gilbert Gregory (29th January 1774 to 2nd February 1841): Mathematical Master of the Royal Military Academy in 1802. He succeeded Charles Hutton as Professor in 1807, and was one of the founding member of the Royal Astronomical Society. He also proposed improvements to the way in which musical notations were recorded and served as editor of the Gentlemen's Diary (1802 onwards) and the Lady's Diary (1819 to 1840). From 1817 onwards he also supervised the almanacs published by the Stationer's Company. He was also one of the driving forces behind the setting up of a secular university in London, and by 1825 he was a member of the committee that appointed the new university's teaching staff.
  • Lieutenant-General Sir John Angus Macleod GCH (29th January 1752 to 26th January 1833): He was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1771 and served during the American War of Independence under General Cornwallis, and as a result he took part in the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. In 1782 he became commander of the Royal Artillery and oversaw its expansion from five to ten battalions. He was appointed Deputy Adjutant-General of the Royal Artillery in 1795 and became Master Gunner, St James's Park in 1808. In 1815 the Duke of Wellington appointed him Director-General of the Royal Artillery (an honorary position), and he subsequently became Commander of the Field Train, another honorary appointment.
  • Major-General Sir John May KCB, KCH (1778 to 1847): He joined the Royal Artillery in 1795 and was promoted to the rank of Major-General in 1838. He served during the Napoleonic Wars and was at the Battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo.
  • Colonel Sir William Robe (18th February 1765 to 5th November 1820): He entered the Royal Military Academy in 1780 before joining the Royal Artillery in 1781. He served in Jamaica from 1782 to 1784 and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 22nd November 1787. He returned to the UK in 1790, and in April 1793 he took part in the Flanders Campaign under the command of Sir William Congreve. He had returned to England by the end of November 1794, having been promoted to the rank of Captain-Lieutenant and battalion Quartermaster of the 1st Battalion, Royal Artillery on 9th September 1794. In 1797 he set up the first regimental school for the education of soldiers and in 1806 he became Regimental Major, an administrative role. Two years later he took part in the Duke of York's Helder Expedition. He was appointed Brigade Major of Royal Artillery under General Sir Anthony Farrington and was present at the Battle of Bergen on 2nd October 1799. (Incidentally, this was the day on which he was promoted to the rank of Captain). He then took part in the capture of Alkmaar before returning to the UK in November. He was then posted to the 2nd Battalion, Royal Artillery. Next year he transferred to the 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery, which was stationed in Canada. He returned to the UK in June 1806 and was promoted to the rank of Major, and then to Lieutenant-Colonel the following year. In 1807 he took part in the Copenhagen Expedition, where he came to the attention of Major-General Thomas Bloomfield, who commanded the expedition's artillery. The next year saw him in Spain in command of the artillery in Sir Arthur Wellesley's army. He subsequently took part in the Battle of Rollica, the capture of Porto, the Battle of Talavera, the retreat to the Lines of Torres Vedras, the Battle of Bussaco, the Battle of Salamanca, and the Siege of Burgos. During the retreat from Burgos he was wounded and subsequently returned to the UK. He was promoted to the rank of Colonel on 16th May 1815, and by then he had been made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order.

Saturday, 29 March 2025

Nugget 370

I collected the latest issue of THE NUGGET from the printer (Macaulay Scott Printing Company of Welling, Kent) on Saturday, and I posted it out to members yesterday.

I will also send the PDF copy to the webmaster as soon as I can so that members can read this issue of THE NUGGET online.


IMPORTANT: Please note that this is the seventh issue of THE NUGGET to be published for the 2024-2025 subscription year.

If you wish to subscribe for the 2024-2025 subscription year and have not yet done so, please request a PayPal invoice or the bank transfer information from the Treasurer or follow the instructions on the relevant page of the website.

Wednesday, 26 March 2025

The Portable Wargame at Dice on the Hill YouTube video

I have now created and uploaded a short (i.e. just over eight minutes long) YouTube video about the rules and Operation Barbarossa mini-campaign scenarios that I used at my local gaming club, Dice on the Hill, to my Wargaming Miscellany YouTube channel.

You can view the video here.

Tuesday, 25 March 2025

Nugget 370

The editor of THE NUGGET sent me the original of the latest issue on Sunday evening, and I sent it to the printer (Macauley Scott Printing Company, Welling, Kent) on Monday. I hope to be able to collect it later this week and post it out to members of Wargame Developments by the end of the month.


IMPORTANT: Please note that this is the seventh issue of THE NUGGET to be published for the 2024-2025 subscription year.

If you wish to subscribe for the 2024-2025 subscription year and have not yet done so, please request a PayPal invoice or the bank transfer information from the Treasurer or follow the instructions on the relevant page of the website.

Monday, 24 March 2025

Operation Varsity: Eighty years on

Today marks the 80th anniversary of Operation Varsity, the largest single airborne operation of World War II.

Operation Varsity was part of Operation Plunder, the Allied operation to cross the northern Rhine River and enter Northern Germany. It was mounted by US XVIII Airborne Corps, which was commanded by Major General Matthew B Ridgway. The Corps comprised British 6th Airborne Division, US 13th Airborne Division (which did not take part in the operation), and US 17th Airborne Division. Their drop zones were located between the Diersfordter Wald, the River Issel, and the towns of Hamminkeln and Wessel. It was the largest airborne operation ever conducted on a single day.

The objectives set for the two divisions that took part in Operation Varsity were as follows:

  • British 6th Airborne Division: Capture the villages of Schnappenberg and Hamminkeln, clear the northern part of the Diersfordter Wald (Diersfordt Forest) of German forces, and capture the three bridges over the River Issel.
  • US 17th Airborne Division: Capture the village of Diersfordt and clear the southern part of the Diersfordter Wald of German forces.
  • The two divisions were then to hold the territory they had captured until they were relieved by advancing units of 21st Army Group.

Despite some confusion due to elements of US 17th Airborne Division landing in the wrong places, the objectives had been captured, and by nightfall the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division had linked up with British 6th Airborne Division. By morning of the next day, the first of twelve bridge had been constructed across the River Rhine.


My father took part in the operation as a member of 53rd (Worcestershire Yeomanry) Airlanding Light Regiment, Royal Artillery, and he was the only veteran who attended the special commemorative event held at Firepower, the Royal Artillery Museum, in 2006.

He was treated as an honoured guest by the museum staff and the members of the 89th (Parachute)/317th (Airborne) Field Security Sections re-enactment group. The latter were portraying 53rd (Worcestershire Yeomanry) Airlanding Light Regiment, Royal Artillery at the event, and my father had several photographs taken with them.

Sunday, 23 March 2025

Beutepanzers of World War II

I must admit to an interest in the way that the German Army adopted and adapted captured armoured fighting vehicles during the Second World War. As a result, it made lots of sense for me to buy a copy of Steven Zaloga's recent BEUTEPANZERS OF WORLD WAR II: CAPTURED TANKS AND AFVS IN GERMAN SERVICE when I saw it on sale ... so I did!

The book is divided into eleven sections:

  • Introduction
  • Polish tanks and AFVs
  • Dutch and Belgian tanks and AFVs
  • French tanks
    • Tank turrets for the AtlantikWall
    • French Beutepanzer units
    • Becker self-propelled gun conversions on French AFVs
    • Other self-propelled gun conversions on French AFVs
    • The Beutepanzer division
  • British tanks and AFVs
  • Soviet tanks and AFVs
  • Italian tanks and AFVs
  • American tanks and AFVs
  • German identification numbers for Beutepanzers
  • Further reading
  • Index

I particularly enjoyed the section that dealt with the conversions undertaken by Hauptmann Alfred Becker's Baukommando, which included conversions of both French and British tanks and AFVs. (His first conversions were based on the chassis of British Mark VI light tanks. He removed the existing turrets and read bodywork which he replaced with an open-topped casemate in which a 105mm leFH 16 howitzer was mounted. He also modified the same chassis as a command/reconnaissance vehicle and ammunition carrier as well as creating ammunition carriers based on the chassis of captured Bren carriers.)

The 10.5cm leFH 16 auf Geschutzwagen auf Fahrgestell Mk VI 736 (e) self-propelled gun.
The Mk VI Beobachtungspanzer command/reconnaissance vehicle.
The Mk VI Munitionspanzer ammunition carrier. The trailer it is towing appears to be a Renault UK tracked trailer that has had its original wheels and tracks replaced by a simple two-wheeled axle.
The Munitionspanzer auf Fahrgestell Bren-Carrier (e) ammunition carrier. The trailer it is towing appears to be similar to that towed by the French Renault UE 2 Chenillette and was known as the Renault UK tracked trailer.

It is interesting to note that although the Germans captured large numbers of Russian tanks and AFVs, they did not use them as much as one might have expected, mainly because they did not have access to supplies of spare parts etc. This was not the case with the French and Italian tanks and AFVs they captured and reused, and in the latter case, they actually continued to produce vehicles in the occupied northern part of Italy after the Italian king deposed Mussolini and the country changed sides and joined the Allies as a co-belligerent.


BEUTEPANZERS OF WORLD WAR II: CAPTURED TANKS AND AFVS IN GERMAN SERVICE was written by Steven J Zaloga and illustrated by Felipe Rodriguez and published by Osprey Publishing in 2024 (ISBN 978 1 4728 5938 9).